Many tap water supplies contain chlorine. While chlorine makes water safe for human consumption, it is highly toxic to fish. Chlorine destroys fish gills, preventing oxygen intake and carbon dioxide release, resulting in fish death. Low levels of chlorine will irritate the delicate skin tissue of fish, frogs and other aquatic life.

Certain metals such as copper and zinc are important to pond life metabolism, but at elevated or unnatural levels they become toxic and become classified as toxic heavy metals. This includes lead, copper, zinc and manganese, which are present in most water supplies, even well water. Lead and copper pipes and solder used to join pipes can introduce heavy metal to pond water supply. Heavy rains deposit airborne pollutants that deposit heavy metals into pond water.

Heavy metal poisoning can occur slowly over time. Metals accumulate in the organs of aquatic life causing physiological problems; high metal levels can cause rapid fish death without any obvious sign of disease or tissue damage.

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